Relación con algunos Documentos Científicos Esenciales, recopilación de diversa procedencia sobre la materia del Análisis de la Escritura
No cabe duda de que la escritura analizada aporta mucha fascinación para la mayoría personas. Y cuando esto aumenta su popularidad, a los lectores les gustaría saber si detrás de las afirmaciones que se hacen hubo una sólida investigación científica para sostenerlo.
Pero hay muchos niveles de Grafología y de análisis de la escritura y la mala o parcial información abunda.
Hay “análisis” que se realizan en parques e atracciones, espectáculos en medios de comunicación o en centros comerciales donde usted puede conseguir un listado en segundos - todos que éstos “estudios” aparecen bajo la etiqueta "de grafología" "o análisis de la escritura".
Obviamente esto no es una presentación adecuada y verdadera de la cuestión y lo único que consiguen es desacreditar la GRAFOLOGÍA en su conjunto.
Pero la escritura manual y su análisis está muy extendido y por supuesto estas actitudes le proporcionan una reputación nefasta.
Por ello hay muchas personas que nunca apreciaran el valor real de un verdadero análisis y en estas circunstancias uno no puede realmente culparlos y denunciarlo.
Por esta razón presentamos el listado siguiente para su consideración.
Está lejos de ser definitivo o exhaustivo; y pedimos perdón por cualquier error u omisión - pero esto proporcionará una idea elevada del grado de las investigaciones que se han realizado y se están haciendo actualmente para validar la GRAFOLOGÍA y el análisis grafoescritural.
En algunas otras diferentes listas que citan estudios de investigación en grafología – entre ellos es de destacar una larga lista (en francés) recopilada por el profesor Michel De Grave, Psicoanalista y fundador del CEREG en Bélgica. CEREG (Cercle Européen de Recherches y d'études Graphologiques).
La lista siguiente (ordenada por orden alfabético y no según la fecha) es sólo una pequeña muestra de la documentación enorme que está disponible para el estudioso y profesional en la materia:
INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS en GRAFOLOGÍA
1. - APA Guidelines for Educational and Psychological Testing, American Psychological Association , APA: 1974.
2. - Barrow, N K and Scott, R H, Validation of a personnel Selection System to meet EEOC Guidelines. Journal Of Handwriting Psychology, 1984, 1 (1), 15 - 17
3.- Baruch Nevo, Graphology Validation Studies in Israel. 1986
4.- Beumont, P. - British Journal of Psychiatry, Small handwriting in some patients with anorexia nervosa, 1971. 119, 349-350.
5.- Binet, Alfred L., La graphologie et ses revelations sur le sexe, l'age et l'intelligence. L'Ann,e Psychologique, 1904: 10, 179-210
6.- Broom, M E , Thompson, B & Bouton, M T, Sex Differences in Handwriting, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1929, 13, 159-166
7.- Bruchon-Schweitzer, M & Ferrieux, D, Une Enqete sur le recrutement en France, European Review of Applied Psychology, 1991: 41, 9 - 19
8. - Campbell, D T & Fiske, D W: Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-MultiMethod Matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 1959, 56, 81 - 105.
9.- Castelnuovo-Tedesco, P, Ratings of Intelligence and Personality from Handwriting, American Psychologist
10.- Cattell, Raymond B, A Culture Free Intelligence Test I, Journal of Educational Psychology, March 1940: 31(30, 161 - 170
11.- Crepieux-Jamin, L'age et le sexe dans l',criture, Parigi: Adyar: 1924
12. - Crumbaugh, J C & Stockholm, E, Validation of Graphoanalysis by 'Global' or 'Holistic' Method. Perceptual And Motor Skills, 1977, 44, 03 - 410. ( Crumbaugh 1977 )
13.- Crumbaugh, J C, A Reply to 'Validity And Student Acceptance of A Graphoanalytic Approach To Personality.' Journal of Personality Assessment. 1977, 41, 351 - 352. (Crumbaugh 1977 )
14.- Dennis, Wayne, Handwriting conventions as determinants of human figure drawings, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958: 22, 293-295
15.- Dennis, Wayne & Raskin, Evelyn, Further evidence concerning the effect of handwriting habits upon the location of drawing. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1960, 24, 548-249
16.- Eliasberg, Wladimir: Political Graphology, Journal of Psychology, 1943, 16, 177 - 201.
17.- Eliasberg, Wladimir: Methods in graphological diagnostics. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1952, 26, 399 - 413.
18.- Epstein, L, Hartford, H & Tumarkin, I, The relationship of certain letter form variants in the handwriting of female subjects to their education. Journal of Experimental Education, 1961, 29(4), 385-392
19.- Epstein, S, The Stability of Behavior: 1 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 1097 - 1126
20.- Epstein, S, The Stability Of Behavior: 2 American Psychologist, 1980, 35, 790 - 806
21.- Eysench, H. J. & Eyseneck, S. B. G., Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, London: University of London Press: 1964
22.- Eysenck, H. J. Graphological analysis and psychiatry: An Experimental Study, British Journal of Psychology, 1945, 35, 70-81
23.-Eysenck, H. J. "Neuroticism" and handwriting, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1948, 43, 94-96
24.- Eysenck, H. J., Handbook of Abnormal Psychology: An Experimental Approach, London: Putnam: 1960
25.- Eysenck, H. J. Dimensions of Personality, London: 1961
26.- Eysenck, H. J. The Structure of Human Personality, London: Methuen: 1970
27.- Eysenck, H J, and Gudjonsson, G., An Empirical Study of the Validity of Handwriting Analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 1986, 7, 263 - 264.
28.- Fahrenburg, J., Graphometrie, University of Freiburg: PhD Dissertation: 1961
29.- Fahrenburg, J & Conrad, W., Eine explorativ Faktorenanalyse Graphometrischer und Psyhcometrischer Daten, Zeitschrift fur Experimentalle und Angewande Psychologie, 1964: 12: 223- 238
30.- Fluckinger, Fritz A., Tripp, Clarence A., and Weinberg,George H: A Review of Experimental Research in Graphology: 1933 - 1960.
31.- Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1961, 12, 67 - 90., ( Fluckinger 1961 )
32.- Frederick, C J., Some phenomena affecting handwriting analysis, Perceptual And Motor Skills, 1965. 20, 211 - 218.
33.- Galbraith, Dorothy and Wilson, Warner: Reliability of the Graphoanalytic Approach to Handwriting Analysis., Perceptual And Motor Skills, 1964, 19(2), 615 - 618., ( Galbraith 1964 )
34.- Galdo, L: Valore della scrittura dal punto di vista della psicopatologia., Scrittura onore Kiesow, 1933, 149-159, (Galdo 1933 )
35.- Ghislain-Houzel: De wetenschappelijke grondslagen der graphologie. Tijdschrift voor wetenschappelijke graphologie, 1932, 4, 5 - 7.
36.- Groot, A D de: Een experimenteel-statistische toetsing van karakterologische ( grafologische ) rapporten. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Psychologie, 1947, 2 (5) 380 - 473.
37.- Groot, A D de: Toetsing van grafologische rapporten. Een antwoord aan de heer Margadant. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Psychologie, 1949, 4 (1) , 70 - 81.
38.- Groot, A D de: Grafologie en andere psychologische methoden. De Grafologie, prae-adviezen en discussieverslagen van de Nederlandsch Ver. Bedriffspsychologie. 1954, 18, 8 - 17.
39.- Guilford, J P: Personality, New York: McGraw, 1959
40.- Gundy, Lloyd W. Etienne Cabet: A genealogical test of graphoanalysis, National Genealogical Society Quarterly, March 1990, Vol.78, No.1, p.39+
41.- Hamid, Kate & Loewenthal, Inferring gender from handwriting in Urdu and English, The Journal of Social Psychology, December 1996: 136 (6), 778 - 783
42.- Hansen, Mark, Handwriting Analysis under fire, ABA Journal, May 1997: 83, 76 - 79
43.- Hatfield, Iris, E. Edward Peeples, PhD, and Robert O'Block, PhD, Examining Horizontal Lengths of Signatures in True vs False Statements, Human Graphics Center for Research and Information, 1994.
44.-Hearns, Rudolph S., Heredity of psychological types. A study of the handwriting of the Roosevelt families over 200 years, World Analyst, 1959/60, No.1, pp.3-9
45.- Hearns, Rudolph S., Reflexions sur les ,critures allemandes et nord-americaines., La Graphologie, 1974, 134
46.- Hector Heinz: Untersuchung zur Laiengraphologie., Beihefte zur Schweizerischen Zeitschrift f?r Psychologie und ihre Anwendungen, 1953, 20, 80 - 88.
47.- Hearns, R. - Criminal Psychopathology, The use of graphology in criminology, 1972, 3, 461-464
48.- Hector Heinz: Das Methodenproblem der Graphologie., Beihefte zur Schweizerischen Zeitschrift f?r Psychologie und ihre Anwendungen, 1949, 18, 25 - 46.
49.- Hofsommer, W. and Holdsworth, R and Seifert, T: Reliabilit"tsfragen in der Graphologie.,Psychologie und Praxis, 1965, 9 (1), 14 - 24.
50.- Howes, R J., The Rorschach: Does it Have a Future?, Journal of Personality Assessment, 1981, 45, 339 - 351
51.- Ianetta, Kimon and Reed Hayes, James F. Craine, PhD & Dennis G. McLaughlin, PhD., Facilitating Assessment of Dangerousness, by Using Characteristics of Handwriting Hawaii, 1992.
52.- Institut fur Werbepsychologie und Marketkundung., Die Verteilung von Handschriften-Merkmalen innerhalb der westdeutschen Bev"lkerung., Praktische Psychologie, 1966, 20(9), 211-214
53.- Jacoby, Hans J: De oorzaak van verkeerde graphologische diagnosen., Tijdschrift voor wetenschappelijke Graphologie, 1930, 2, 88 - 90.
54.- Jansen, Abraham: Toetsing van grafologische uitspraken. Een Experimentele studie. Amsterdam: F Van Rossen, 1963.
55.- Jansen, Abraham: Research noodzakelijke voorwaarde voor schoolgrafologie. Tijdschrift Orthopedagogiek, 1965, 4(9), 230 - 235.
56.- Jansen, Abraham: Validation of Graphological Judgments: An Experimental Study., The Hague: Mouton, 1973.
57.- Jores, A., Handschrift und Lebensalter, Zeitschrift f?r Menschenkunde, 1930: 6, 75-78
58.- Kam, Moshe, Journal of Forensic Sciences, September 1997.
59.- Keinan, G., Can stress be measured by handwriting analysis ?, The effectiveness of the analytic method; discusses theoretical implications and possible advantages of using handwriting parameters as an indication of acute stress.
60.- Applied Psychology--An International Review, Psychologies Appliquee-Revue International: V0042 N2: APR 1993: pp. 153-170.
61.- King, Leslie: Graphology: An evaluation of some research performed in its investigation., Bountiful, UT: Leslie King: 1974
62.- Klages, Ludwig, Der "Religiouse Kurve", Zeitschurft f?r die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 1938: 163, 575-584
63.- Klimonski, R J & Rafaeli, A: Inferring Personal Qualities through Handwriting Analysis, Journal Of Occupational Psychology, 1983, 56, 191 - 202
64.- Kraus, Ron, Reliability and Validity of HWA compared to the standard battery., PhD Thesis: 1993
65.- Levy, Jerre & Reid, Marylou, Variations in writing posture and cerebral organization, Science, October 1976, 194(4262), 337-339
66.- Livingston, Orville B: Frequency of certain characteristics in handwriting, Pen-printing of two hundred people., Journal of Forensic Sciences., 1963, 8(2), 250 - 258, ( Livingston 1963 )
67.- Lockowandte, Oskar, Present Status of the Investigation of Handwriting Psychology, as a Diagnostic Method., J.S.A.S. Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1976, 6(1), 4
68.- Lockowandte, Oskar: Faktorenanalytische Validierung der Handschrift mit besonder Berucksichtigung projektiver Methoden., Unpublished dissertation, University of Frieburg, 1966
69.- Lockowandte, Oskar: La validation de l',criture par analyse factorielle, en relation avec les methodes projectives., La Graphologie, 1968, 109, 24
70.- Lockowandte, Oskar: Quantitative Ueberprufungsmethoden in der Graphologie., Zeitschrift fur experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie., 1968, 15 (3), 487 - 530
71.- Lockowandte, Oskar: Present status of the investigation of handwriting psychology as a diagnostic method., Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1976, 6, 4 - 5.
72.- Lorr, Maurice and Golder, Jacob V: Validation of some handwriting scales against personality inventory scores., American Psychologist, 1948, 3, 262.
73.- Mack, L., Hemispheric Specialization for Handwriting in Right-Handers, Brain and Cognition; V0021 N1, pp 80-85, Jan. 1993.
72.- Maluf, Ued: Notas sobre as tecnicas projectivas na investiagacao psicologica., Boletim do Instituto de Psicologia,, 1960, 10 ( 1-2 ), 14 - 27.
73.- Mann, W Raymond: A continuation of the search for objective graphological hypotheses., Unpublished dissertation, University of Ottawa, 1961.
74.- Marchesan, Marco: Gli experimenti sulla scrittura da Binet ai nostri giorni., Revista de Psicologia Normal e Pat¢logica., 1958, 4, 116 - 146.
75.- Mehta, M K: The Identification of Handwriting and the Close Examination of Experts., Tripathi, 1970: Fourth Edition., Tripathi, 1961: Second Edition.
76.- Mengelberg, Paul M., Die symptome der Veralterung in der Handschrift, Zeitschrift f?r Menschenkunde, 1965, 29, 3-27
77.- Miller, James: A Bibliography Of Handwriting Analysis: A Graphological Index., Whitston Publishing Company: Troy, NY: 1982
78.- Mohl, Anita M: Report on twenty three years of research in handwriting. Medical Woman's Journal, 1948, 55, 27 - 31, 60., 1952, 59, 409 - 411
79.- Naegler, Robert C: A Validation study of personality assessment through Graphoanalysis., Unpublished paper. Drury College., International Graphoanalysis Society, 1960., ( Nagler 1960 )
80.- Neter, E & Ben-Shakhar G., The Predictive Validity of Graphological Inferences: A Meta-Analytical Approach Personality and Individual Differences, 1989, 10, 737 - 745.
81.- Nevo, B: Scientific Aspects Of Graphology: A Handbook, Springfield, IL: Thomas: 1986, ( Nevo 1986 )
82.- Nevo, B: Reliability of Graphology: A Survey of the Literature in Scientific Aspects of Graphology: A Handbook edited by B Nevo. Springfield, IL: Thomas: 1986, ( Nevo 1986a)
83.- Nevo, B., Validation of Graphology through Use of a Matching Method Based on Ranking., Perceptual And Skills, 1989: 69, 734 - 745.
84.- Ouweleen, H W: Schoolcijfers, korte graphologische analyse en schriftelijk onderzoek bij de voor-selectie., Nederlandsch tijdschrift voor psychologie., 1950, 5(4), 324 - 342.
85.-Ouweleen, H W: Een wetenschappelijk onderzoek van grafologische uitspraken., The Hague: Nederlandsch Ver. Bedrijfspychologie, 1963.
86.- Paul-Mengeberg, M., Die Symptome der Veralterund in der handschrift, Zeitschrift Fur Mennschenkunde, 1965, 29, 3-27
87.- Pearl, R. A: The value of handwriting in the neurological examination, Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 1974, 41, 200 - 204.
88.- Peeples, E E: Training, Certification and Experience of handwriting Analysts., Perceptual And Motor Skills, 1990, 70: 1219 - 1226, (Peeples 1990)
89.- Pfanne, Heinrich., Die Schriftexpertise und ihre Bedeutung fur dier Rechtsprechung., Rudolstadt: Der Greifenverlag, 1955.
90.- Popper, Karl R: Science: Conjectures and Refutations in Conjectures And Refutations, New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
91.- Pokorny, Richard, Psychologie Der Handschrift, Munich: Kindler Verlag GmbH: 1973
92. - Pritchard, Anita, Reliability of graphological judgments based on different techniques of handwriting., Date unknown.
93.- Prystav, Gunther: Interpretations reliabilit in der Schriftpsychologie., Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Psychologie und ihre Anwendungen. 1971, 30 ( 4 ), 320 - 332.
94.- Pulver, Max, Symbolik des Schriftfeldes, Zeitschrift fur Menschenkunde, 1930: 6, 53-63
95.- Pulver, Max, Symbolik der Handschrift, Zurich & Leipzig: Fussli: 1940
96. - Rafaeli, A & Klimoski, R J: Predicting Sales Success through handwriting analysis: An evaluation of effects of training and handwriting sample content.
97. - Journal Of Applied Psychology, 1983 (68) 212 - 217
98.- Raices Nuestras, Handwriting: a unique tool for the genealogist, Our Roots Quarterly, Summer 1994, Vol.6, No.2, pp.43+
99.- Ras, Matilde: Historia de la escritura y grafología. Madrid: Editorial Plus-Ultra, 1951.
100.- Rivkai, I al hahipazon v'haitiyut bikhtav uv'al pe Urim, 1948/9, 6, 476-480
101.- Rosenthal, R: Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1966
102.- Sassoon, R. - Children's Handwriting As An Indicator of Stress; International Journal of Psychology; V0027 N3-4, p 440, Jun-Aug 1992.
103.- Schmitt, J, Neal, J & Klimoski, R: Research Method's in Human Resources Management. South Western Publications, Cincinnati, OH: 1991.
104.- Schwarz, Daniel, A validity study assessing integrity. 1992.
105.- Seifert, Theodor: Faktoreanalyse einger Schriftmerkmale. Zeitschrift f?r experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie. 1964, 11 (4), 645 - 666.
106.- Shimrat, Niusia, Lateral dominance and direction orientation in the writing of American and Israeli children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1970, 31(4-b). 2267
107.- Shimrat, Niusia, The impact of laterality and cultural background on the development of writing skills. Neuropsychologia, 1973, 11(2), 239-242
108.- Sovik, N; Arntzen O & Thygesen, R, Effects of Feedback in Graphonomics: Contemporary Research in Handwriting edited by Kao, H S R; Van Galen, G P & Hoosian. R: Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 1986.
109.- Stabholz, M S., Individual differences in handwriting of monozygotic and dizogtic twins in relation to personality and genetic factors, University of London: PhD Thesis: 1981
110.- Stangohr, Gordon R., Opposite hand writings, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1968, 13(3), 376-389
111.- Starch, D., Educational Psychology, New York: Macmillan: 1927
112.- Steiner, Dirk D; Stephen W Gilliland, Fairness reactions to personnel selection techniques in France and the United States, Journal of Applied Psychology, April 1996: 81(2), 134 - 142
113.- Thomas, D L., Validity of Graphoanalysis in the Assessment of Personality Characteristics. Master's Thesis, Colorado State University: 1966, (Thomas 1966)
114.- Timm, Ulrich: Graphometrie als psychologischer Test Psychologische Forschung, 1967, 30, 307 - 356
115.- Van Der Hout, C. G: Schrijven. Proeve van een fenomenologische benadering. Groningen: J B Wolters, 1967.
116.- Vestewig, Richard; Santee, Aileen H. and Moss, Martin K: Validity and student acceptance of a graphoanalytic approach to personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1976, 40 (6), 592 - 598.
117.- Vuiller, H Richard, Evidence of Character To Prove Conduct: Illusion, Illogic and Injustice in The Courtroom. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, April 1982: 130 (4), 845 - 891
118.- Wallner, Tuet: Die Statistik in der Graphologie. Zeitschrift fur Menschenkunde, 1955, 19, 129 - 132
119.- Wallner, Tuet: Die Zuverlässigkeit der graphologischen Beurteilungsgrundlagen. Ausdruckunde, 1956, 3, 251 - 254
120.- Wallner, Tuet: Graphologie als Objekt statistischer Untersuchungen Psychologische, 1965, 16 ( 4 ), 282 - 298.
121.- Wallner, Tuet: A Necessary correction of a validating research study in handwriting psychology by D Kimmel and M Werheimer. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment. 1967, 31 (2), 70 - 71.
122.- Wallner, Tuet: Orientering i skriftpsykilogins teori och forsknings resultat. Nordisk Psykologi, 1967, 19(3), 162 - 173.
123.- Wallner, Tuet: Die Reliabilit schriftpsychologischer Begutachtungen. Zeitschrift fur Menschenkunde, 1969, 33, 191 - 197.
124.- Wallner, Tuet: Der Unterschied zwischen Schriftpsychologie und Graphologie. Psychologie und Praxis, 1971, 15(1_1) - 8.
125.- Wallner, Tuet: Bemerkungen zu W H Muellers Untersuchungen uber die Objecktivitat von Anumutungsqualitaten in der Handschrift. Psychologische Beitrage, 1961, 5, 586-596
126.- Wallner, Tuet: De fundamentele Werkhypothesen der Schriftpsychologie. Acta Graphologica, 1973, 3, 3 - 11.
127.- Wallner, Tuet: Planung und Durchführung von schrift psychologischen Untersuchungen. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie. 1970, 17 (2), 316 - 256.
128.- Wallner, Tuet: Hypotheses of Handwriting Psychology and their Verification. Professional Psychology, 1975, 6 ( 1) , 8 - 16
129.- Weiss, A A.: Directionality in four Bender-Gestlat figures III, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 40(2), 595-598
130.- Zweigenhaft, Richard L & Marlowe, David: Signature size: Studies in expressive movements. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1973, 40(3), 469 - 473.
131.- Versión traducida libremente del enlace siguiente: http://www.graphicinsight.co.za/research.htm Research and Validation Studies in Graphology, www.graphicinsight.co.za A list of Scientific Papers and Research about Handwriting Analysis
132.- Research and Validation Studies in Graphology, www.graphicinsight.co.za, A list of Scientific Papers and Research about Handwriting Analysis
Germán Belda
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